![]() The intrigue was based on the surface’s ability to withstand a high volume of traffic while still providing a consistent playing surface. Throughout the 1970s and 1980s, many newly constructed multisport stadiums and several existing stadiums replaced their natural turfgrass with AstroTurf. ChemGrass was soon referred to as AstroTurf. 52 The subsequent year, a closed-cell, elastomeric foam pad was installed between the carpet backing and the soil. ![]() ChemGrass (Monsanto), a short-fiber, dense nylon carpet, was installed over a compacted soil base in the stadium. It is thought that the first installation of synthetic turf at a major sporting venue occurred in Houston, Texas, at the Astrodome in 1966. Sports medicine personnel are often first responders to athletic injuries and should be aware of turf-related health issues. 48 The aim of this review is to report on the published literature regarding the history and science of synthetic turf design, turf maintenance, and concerns for athlete health on these surfaces. 1 It is estimated that by 2011, there were more than 6000 synthetic turfs installed in North America with roughly 1000 to 1500 new installations each year. The rise in the popularity and use of these surfaces is demonstrated by the fact that they can be found everywhere from elementary school playgrounds to National Football League (NFL) stadiums across the United States. Some have postulated that this combination of fiber and granular material more closely mimics the properties of natural turfgrass. 53, 54 Technical advancements in design and manufacturing have evolved these surfaces from a dense short-fiber (<1.25 mm) nylon carpet to a less dense and much longer (<70 mm) primarily polyethylene fiber that allows for the inclusion of granular crumb rubber and sand (infill) to occupy the space between the fibers. 21 Introduced more than half a century ago, synthetic turf has recently come into the spotlight as an important factor in sport, from both a performance and a player health perspective. 38 In particular, researchers are considering how nonplayer factors such as protective equipment and the playing environment relate to athletic injury. ![]() In recent years, there has been increasing focus on injury prevention in sports, particularly in American football.
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